Eastern Christendom Building On The Roman Past Essay

Ch.10 Outline †¢ Eastern Christendom: Building on the Roman Past o Byzantium does not have a clear starting point o People saw it as a continuation of the Holy Roman Empire o Some historians argue that it started in 330 B.C.E., when Constantine became an emperor and founded a capital on Byzantium o Eastern Roman Empire lasted until ~1500 C.E. o Eastern Roman Empire had more advantages ï‚ § Wealth ï‚ § Urbanization ï‚ § Cosmopolitan ï‚ § Strategic Location ï‚ § Trade in Black Sea and Mediterranean o Able to defend against nomads, who the Westerns could not o Forbade â€Å"barbaric† customs †¢ The Byzantine State o Byzantine Empire never approached size of Western Empire o Arab Expansion saw the loss in Syria, Egypt, and North Africa o An administrative system gave generals authority and allowed them to raise armies from peasants o Emperor claimed to govern all of creation as God’s representative o Imperial court represented Persia’s o Centralized state did not really effect citizens o Later attacks after 1085 shrank the empire because of outside attacks o Ended in 1453 when Ottoman empire took Constantinople †¢ The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence o Emperor was both a Caesar and the pope, or caesaropapism o Treated church as government department o Eastern Orthodox Christianity legitimized rule of the emperor o Strived for eternal salvation o Many Christian controversies and divisions followed the early centuries o Greatest differences came from Eastern Orthodoxy and Latin Christianity oShow MoreRelatedEastern Western And Western Catholicism Essay2141 Words   |  9 PagesI. 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Eastern Christendom Building On The Roman Past Essay

Ch.10 Outline †¢ Eastern Christendom: Building on the Roman Past o Byzantium does not have a clear starting point o People saw it as a continuation of the Holy Roman Empire o Some historians argue that it started in 330 B.C.E., when Constantine became an emperor and founded a capital on Byzantium o Eastern Roman Empire lasted until ~1500 C.E. o Eastern Roman Empire had more advantages ï‚ § Wealth ï‚ § Urbanization ï‚ § Cosmopolitan ï‚ § Strategic Location ï‚ § Trade in Black Sea and Mediterranean o Able to defend against nomads, who the Westerns could not o Forbade â€Å"barbaric† customs †¢ The Byzantine State o Byzantine Empire never approached size of Western Empire o Arab Expansion saw the loss in Syria, Egypt, and North Africa o An administrative system gave generals authority and allowed them to raise armies from peasants o Emperor claimed to govern all of creation as God’s representative o Imperial court represented Persia’s o Centralized state did not really effect citizens o Later attacks after 1085 shrank the empire because of outside attacks o Ended in 1453 when Ottoman empire took Constantinople †¢ The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence o Emperor was both a Caesar and the pope, or caesaropapism o Treated church as government department o Eastern Orthodox Christianity legitimized rule of the emperor o Strived for eternal salvation o Many Christian controversies and divisions followed the early centuries o Greatest differences came from Eastern Orthodoxy and Latin Christianity oShow MoreRelatedEastern Western And Western Catholicism Essay2141 Words   |  9 PagesI. Opening Vignette (pg ) A. Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholicism Compared †¢ The Byzantine Empire covered almost the entire eastern portion of the Mediterranean. They practiced traditions portrayed throughout the Roman Empire. †¢ Byzantine was a distinct civilization with many adaptations from the Roman Empire †¢ The Byzantine Empire was Eastern Orthodoxy †¢ Western Catholicism was shown in Western Europe †¢ This Latin Catholicism was similar to Eastern Orthodoxy in that they both tried to linkRead MoreWestern Civilization: A Very Brief Overview from the Romans to the Counter-Reformation1111 Words   |  5 Pagessouth to the Greek cities were absorbed by the Romans. Throughout this century, Roman acquired architectural styles and skills in road construction, sanitation, hydraulic engineering to include underground conduits. 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It felt as though history was repeating itself, or what goes around comes around, meaning, the Islamic empire in the East had a similar experience to the earlier Roman Empire in the West.† It was like a merry-go-round, â€Å"As the Germanic invaders were converted to Catholic Christianity, so the Turkish invaders of the Musli m territories were converted to Islam. The Seljuk Turks in 1070-71 took Palestine, includingRead MoreEssay about The Rise of the Papacy1770 Words   |  8 PagesFebruary 20, 2012 The Fall of A Great Empire and the Rise of the Papacy Before the fall of the Roman Empire you must stop and look at the power that was held within the millions of miles of land, building, people, cities, kings, and customs. The Roman Empire was not known for being just another city or empire but it was known for its strength, power and victories in the times of conflict and wars. The roman empire was built up to what it was right up until the fall by powerful kings and rulers who neverRead More Humanities in the Early, High And Late Middle Ages Essay2132 Words   |  9 Pagesunderstanding of where human beings have been and where we need to go. The more we study the further we can go and improve the future based off the past. Christianity greatly influenced the Early Middle Ages. This epoch existed between 500-1000 C.E. There was little stability during this time. Western Europe was under attack from Germanic tribes and Eastern Europe was battling against the Arabs. Fiero (2002) states, â€Å"the Germanic tribal people and practices blended with those of classical Rome and WesternRead MoreEssay about Humanities in the Early, High and Late Middle Ages2248 Words   |  9 Pagesunderstanding of where human beings have been and where we need to go. The more we study the further we can go and improve the future based off the past. 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By analysing various factors and sources, as well as different aspects of society, for example political factors and the views of contemporary texts, it will provide enlightening insight into the changes made during theRead MoreFeudalism2848 Words   |  12 Pagesmanorialism, feud alism, Christianity all together. What historians usually mean when the talk about FEUDALISM is a SET OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY RELATIONSHIPS that dominated most of Medieval Europe in the absence of a strong central power, either the Roman Empire or a European kingdom. Two big stages in the Political history of Europe during the Middle Ages FEUDALISM 1. Decentralization c. 476, brief respite in 800, biggest around 1000. This is where the real power over anything lay in the

Taking a Look at Eating Disorders - 567 Words

Eating Disorders Physical exercise is inarguably healthy for the normal body functions as well as the overall good physical health. Consequently, many people take exercises to achieve the ultimate benefit of good health. However, a compulsive or compensatory need to take exercise could be an indicator of underlying problem of disordered eating habits. It pragmatic to monitor one’s exercising habits in order to increase chances of early detection of any underlying disordered eating habits. Traditionally, one would expect a person with eating disorders to show blatant signs like extremely small body weight or being overtly choosy with foods. An individual’s attitude toward exercising could be a sign of the underlying eating disorder like anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN). According to Holland, Brown, Keel (2014), a clear understanding of people’s attitudes toward exercising could be one of the best means to detect problems of eating disorders. The a uthors’ literature review brought out some of the attributes of harmful exercises that could indicate disordered eating patterns which include frequency and intensity of exercise, being conscious of body shape, compulsive urges, and compensatory aims to curtail possible weight gain (Holland, Brown, Keel, 2014). My choice of eating disorder comes against a background of my experience of taking regular exercises. I have been observing a regular exercise routine for good physical health. Occasionally, I couldShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Eating Disorders1708 Words   |  7 Pages EATING DISORDERS Introduction: Eating disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that include excessive or insufficient food eating habits that hampers a person’s mental as well as physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common types. Others are binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. 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There are 3 types of eating disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, the fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, Bulimia Nervosa, the act of binge eating then purging or vomiting, and Binge Eating Disorder, eating until uncomfortably full in one sitting. The most common o nes are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Even though they have become more common in the 20th century, the first cases of eating disorders were in the Western world and dated from the 12thRead MoreEssay on Health of the Female Population Endangered by Media1008 Words   |  5 Pageswomen and the way that they think about themselves and how they should look. This portrayal of unattainable beauty has effect women and young adolescent girls the most. The number one wish for girls ages 11 to 17 is to be thinner, and girls as young as five have expressed fears of getting fat (Tiggemann, 1996). The medias usage of ultra thin and beautiful models are leading to eating disorders and depression and other mental disorders in women. Robin Gerber who is a motivational speaker and author saysRead MoreAnorexia has many negative effects as well. According to the University of Maryland Medical Centers1700 Words   |  7 PagesAnorexia has many negative effects as well. According to the Unive rsity of Maryland Medical Centers article Eating Disorders, â€Å"Anorexia nervosa can increase the risk for serious health problems such as: hormonal changes including reproductive, thyroid, stress, and growth hormones, heart problems such as abnormal heart rhythm, electrolyte imbalance, fertility problems, bone density loss, anemia, and neurological problems.† Anorexia can severely affect a person internally. The continuous lack of nutrientsRead MoreAnorexia Bulimia: Why Are American Teens Starving Themselves?1533 Words   |  7 Pagesstarts taking image to the extreme and starts harming themselves by starving themselves. More and more teenagers are becoming anorexic and bulimic and it is not only affecting girls but boys are starting to come out and say they have an eating disorder. Anorexia and bulimia is a disorder that can not be taken lightly and needs to have more focus and the dangers to be taught to youth. Anorexia and bulimia sometimes are thought of as the same, they are not. Anorexia is an eating disorder, markedRead MoreEating Disorders and the Media941 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, â€Å"the body type portrayed in advertising as the ideals is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females.† (â€Å"ANAD†) Body image has been a controversial theme because of the influence of the media. It is a widely known fact that eating disorder cases are on the rise. The concept of body image is a subjective matter. The common phrase, â€Å"Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder,† holds true meaning in this sense. One’sRead MoreThe Problem Of Teenage Girls1343 Words   |  6 Pagesastronomically high. Females this young should not have to worry about things as superficial as looks at this age. Teenage years are supposed to be the best years of a person’s life and time should not b e wasted on worrying about body image. The pressure imposed on teenage females to adhere to a fictional standard of beauty has many negative consequences including: eating disorders, low self-esteem, and mental disorders. Teenage girls are targeted by the media the most. Ads showing thin, successful womenRead MoreExcessive Weight Loss Teenage Girls898 Words   |  4 PagesShe desires beauty, but does not look like â€Å"them† therefore she is not beautiful. She fits into her clothes, but the sizes do not fit the standard. She passes up the toast for breakfast, the hamburger for lunch and the Chinese takeout for dinner. She sweats daily so that someday she will not have to sweat it at all. She looks at the scale unsatisfied knowing twenty pounds is not enough. She, along with millions of teenage girls feel pressured to build or maintain the perfect body. Thoughts on howRead MoreEssay on The Unrealistic Concepts of Female Beauty858 Words   |  4 Pagesof perfection. What girl would not want to look like them? Unfortunately, a number of girls want to be just like them. Every year, millions of people are hurting themselves trying to be carbon copies of these sex symbols. The media presents socie ty with unrealistic body types promoting people, especially women, to look like them. In this day and age there have been an increasingly high rate of eating disorders. The trend of turning to these eating disorders to maintain that perfect, â€Å"accepted† body

Fort Henry And Donelson Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Fort Henry And Donelson Essay, Research Paper Fort Donelson, Tennessee, guarding the Cumberland River, became the site of the first major Confederate licking in the Civil War. Victory at Donelson started Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant on his route to Appomattox and the White House. His cool judgement under force per unit area saved the twenty-four hours after the Confederates threatened to interrupt his troop lines, yet errors by his oppositions handed him a triumph that he did non to the full gain on his ain. Possession of the better portion of two provinces critical to the South depended on the result of the conflict at Fort Donelson. When war began in April 1861, Kentucky declared its neutrality, in response to deep struggles of sentiment among its citizens. Sing neutrality impossible to keep, North and South maneuvered for place one time Kentucky was opened to military operations. The Confederates constructed munitions on both the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers merely south of the Kentucky line. They built Fort Henry on the Tennessee River, on land susceptible to implosion therapy, but chose higher land for Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Both sides wanted Kentucky but recognized that the first to traverse its boundary lines risked losing popular support. Confederate Brigadier General Gideon J. Pillow headlong seized Columbus, Kentucky, on the Mississippi River bluffs, a move that appalled President Jefferson Davis, who foremost ordered Pillow to retreat, so allowed him to remain when he realized that the title could non be reversed. Grant, commanding at Cairo, Illinois, so occupied Paducah at the oral cavity of the Tennessee and Smithland at the oral cavity of the Cumberland, strategic points neglected by General Gideon Pillow. In November Grant tested Confederate strength at Columbus by set downing military personnels across the Mississippi River at Belmont, Missouri. The drawn conflict that followed sent him back to Cairo still eager to progress, but non needfully along the Mississippi River. Knowing of the hapless location of Fort Henry, he wanted to utilize Union gunboats to advantage, and foresaw that the autumn of Fort Henry would open the Tennessee River as far north as Alabama. Wining loath permission from his higher-up, Major General Henry W. Halleck, Grant moved south in early February. The afloat Fort Henry fell to the gunboats on February 6, 1862 and most of the fort fled to Fort Donelson, which was 11 stat mis off. Grant so followed, after directing the gunboats back down the Tennessee and over to the Cumberland. In St. Louis, Halleck, a # 8220 ; military administrative official par excellence # 8221 ; , took no official penetration of Grant s programs. If Grant captured Fort Donelson, Hallec k would presume recognition ; if Grant failed, he would avoid duty. Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston, overall commanding officer in the West, concentrated his military personnels at Fort Donelson, expecting the loss of Nashville if Donelson fell. Torn between supporting and abandoning the garrison, Johnston took a in-between class that led to catastrophe. He was criticized subsequently for directing so many military personnels to Donelson with out directing his whole force and taking bid himself. By the clip Grant arrived, with about 15, 000 work forces. Donelson held about 21,000, including at least two generals excessively many. Brigadier General John B. Floyd, who was commanding Donelson, had been a former secretary of war in the cabinet of President James Buchanan and was widely suspected by Northerners of reassigning weaponries and weaponries due south before the rebellion broke out. Pillow, the second-in-command, had small regard from his ain work forces and disdain from Grant. Third in line but first in ability was Brigadier General Simon B. Buckner, the lone professional soldier of the three. Fort Donelson consisted of earthworks environing abut 15 estates, where the fort lived in huts. Two batteries outside the garrison commanded the river, and about two stat mis of munitions, protecting both the heavy weapon campsite and the nearby crossroads of Dover, stretched from Hickman Creek on the right to Lick Creek on the left. The brook, flooded in February, protected both wings. Confederate officers and applied scientists had complained continuously of deficits of work forces and supplies to finish the munitions, but Federal forced encountered formidable earthworks fronted by trees fell, tangled, and sharpen erectile dysfunction to blockade the onslaught. Grant advanced on February 12, and began to encircle Fort Donelson the following twenty-four hours, telling Brigadier General Charles F. Smith s division to look into the Confederate right, commanded by Buckner, and Brigadier General John A. McClenand s division to look into the Confederate left, under Brigadier General Bushrod R. Johnson. Grant found the Confederate lines excessively strong and good positioned for assault. Trusting on this strength, nevertheless, the Confederates permitted Union military personnels to finish a practical blockade, go forthing merely a little spread on their right, and to choose high land for their base. If Grant s daring had been matched by his oppositions, they might hold struck Union military personnels as they marched on two separate roads to Donelson, or the Confederates might hold counterattacked at Donelson while they had superior Numberss and Grant lacked naval support. However, they did non. Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote s gunboat fleet arrive d tardily at dark, transporting fresh military personnels, and a division commanded by Brigadier General Lewis Wallace marched from Fort Henry. Ultimately, Grant s army numbered 27,000. Both ground forcess froze when nightlong temperatures out of the blue fell to twelve grades Fahrenheit. On February 14, Foote tested the H2O batteries with six war vessels, four of the ironclads, and the batteries prevailed, bring downing heavy harm on the flotilla. Although to a great extent outgunned, artillerists found the scope when the gunboats came to shut, and the fleet suffered excessively much to restart the assault. The following moorage Grant consulted Foote on his flagship, where he lay immobilized by a would inflicted by the Confederate batteries. While they discussed their following move, Pillow struck the Union right with lay waste toing force. Buckner s line was denuded as the Confederates massed military personnels to interrupt free of encirclment. McClernand s right began to turn over back on the centre, until supports from Wallace halted the winning Confederates. Why the combat diminished, Pillow held the Forge Road, taking to Nashville. Pillow had tow sound picks ; to press the onslaught to consolidate triumph or to interrupt free of Grant s clasp by evacuating Fort Donelson. Inexplicable, he reflected both and withdrew his original line. Stung by the forenoon offense, the Union stoops were confused and demoralized until Grant returned. Inspecting the backpacks of fallen Confederates, which contained rations for three yearss, Grant concluded that the assault represented a despairing attempt to get away and ordered his military personnels to press the enemy. Smith s division was successful against Buckner s weakened line, which put U.S. military personnels inside the Confederate munitions. Otherwise, the three yearss of contending had left the ground forcess near to their initial places. Grant s supports, nevertheless, were much exaggerated in the Confederate imaginativeness, and Floyd and Pillow had squandered their lone chance to evacuate. During the eventide of February 15, the Confederate commanding officers planned the resignation. Floyd relinquished bid to Pillow and Pillow to Buckner. The top brass slipped off by H2O with about 2,000 work forces. Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest led his horse and a few foot safely by land to Nashville. When Buckner asked Grant to name commissioners to negociate the footings of resignation, Grant responded that # 8220 ; no footings except an immediate resignation can be accepted. # 8221 ; Denouncing this as a response as # 8220 ; meanspirited and caddish, # 8221 ; Buckner surrendered anyhow. Meeting subsequently at the Dover Hotel, Buckner told his old friend and military academy classmate that if he had held bid, Union forces would non hold encircled Donelson so easy. Allow answered that if Buckner had been in bid, he ( Grant ) would gave chosen different tactics. Grant lost 2,832 who where killed or wounded. Floyd about 2,000, but Grant took over about 15,000 captives, 48 heavy weapon pieces, and other war stuff the South could non afford to lose. The Confederates fell back from Kentucky and from much of in-between Tennessee, abandoning Nashville. Grant won celebrity and publicity, while both Floyd and Pillow lost bid. Robert E. Lee s later successes in Virginia obscured the significance of Fort Donelson as the first measure toward the Confederate loss of the West, which spelled day of reckoning for the new state.

Long-Form vs Short-Form Content Which Is Better for Your Blog

Long-form vs short-form content when youre creating content for your website, which should you emphasize?While no one type of content is perfect for every situation, its often said that long-form content tends to bring more results. Indeed, lengthier pieces frequently result in more traffic, higher conversions, better search engine rankings, and more – as long as those posts are also high-quality.In this article, well introduce and discuss the benefits of long-form vs short-form content. Then well offer some recommendations for what type of content you should focus on, and how to get started. Lets jump in! However, long-form content is often a smarter choice. It is exactly what the name implies – long, detailed, and comprehensive writing. Whats more, its one of the best things you can do for your site.Heres why:Here are the data-backed benefits of long-form vs short-form contentThere are a lot of concrete reasons to prioritize long-form vs short-form content, backed up by real-world data and use cases.Lets discuss a few of the most compelling reasons youll want to consider creating long-form content. It can:Get you more social shares. Social media is a key channel for promoting your website. Encouraging your users to share your content with their networks is key. Sharing rates tend to increase along with content length on all the major social platforms (especially Twitter and Facebook). For example, posts with 1,000 words or less are shared an average of 4,500 times, while posts with over 2,000 words are shared around 8,000 times  on average (almost twice as much!).Help you rank higher in search engines. This may be the most important reason to create long-form content. Google and other search engines tend to give priority to longer pieces, for a variety of reasons. This can be seen in the fact that the top ten results for any given search tend to go to content with 2,000 words or more (and the rankings decrease along with word count).Increase your conversions.  One case study found that long content on the home page led to a conversion rate increase of 37%, while a similar switch resulted in a 30% increase.Bring in more organic traffic. No matter what your sites goal is, chances are you need plenty of eyes on your pages to achieve it. Long-form content is excellent at bringing in lots of traffic, particularly because its able to take advantage of long-tail keywords. Organic traffic rates tend to improve along with word count, hitting a sweet spot between 2,250 and 2,500 words.Long content can increase your sites organic traffic, among other benefits.Of course, long content also encourages people to spend more time reading it – so they stay on your site longer. That means theyre exposed to more of your message and branding, which helps with your search engine rankings. In one case, switching to long-form content increased the average time on site from 1 minute 33 seconds to 4 minutes 35 seconds.There does seem to be a sweet spot, though Medium found that ~1,600 word posts were the most engaging length, at least for the audience at Medium.This goes to show that people will read long-form content, if you make it worth their while. And even if they dont finish the post, you can still engage them for longer than short-form content. For example, someone who reads 25% of a 2,000 word post sees just as much of your content as someone who reads all of a 500 word post.When should you use long-form content?Based on the benefits and data presented above, its smart to create as much long-form content as you can for your site to make your site more visible and attract plenty of traffic and conversions.Of course, this doesnt mean you cant have some variety, and not every post needs to be 2,000 words or more. Short content has its own advantages – mainly that its quick and easy to produce – and it has its place in a content marketing strategy. For example, you can use occasional short piece s to keep up a target posting frequency, filling in the gaps between longer entries.Above all, remember that quality is king when it comes to producing content. You dont want to add unnecessary fluff to your content just to pad out the word count. Readers will notice this, and it usually wont go over well. When creating long-form content, therefore, make sure you have plenty to write about.If you have trouble finding solid topics for longer posts, try building them around long-tail keywords, or using the skyscraper method to improve on existing content. With a little practice, youll find yourself turning out quality, comprehensive content in no time!ConclusionLong, quality posts and articles can do a lot to help your website succeed. They can provide additional value to your visitors, bring in new traffic, improve your visibility, and even increase conversions. While its wise to break up the monotony with some shorter pieces, its clear that focusing on long-form vs short-form conten t is a smart idea.Your mileage may vary, but in general pieces that are 2,000 words or more tend to bring the best results. While this word count seems intimidating, creating quality long-form content isnt actually that hard. Start with some long-tail keyword research to identify strong topics to write about, and consider the skyscraper method to ensure that each of your posts is the best, most comprehensive resource out there.Do you have any questions about how to use long-form vs short-form content effectively on your website? Ask away in the comments section below! Here's why you should use long-form #content on your #WordPress blog

Strategic and Organisational Analysis of Li Ning Co. Ltd. The WritePass Journal

Strategic and Organisational Analysis of Li Ning Co. Ltd. Introduction Strategic and Organisational Analysis of Li Ning Co. Ltd. Introduction1. Examine the problems associated with Li Ning trying to become a global brand. From a marketing perspective, what do you think Li Ning should do to address those challenges?1.1 The competition with local and international rivals in domestic market1.2 Country of origin (COO) effects and the brand image1.3 The product portfolio and RD 1.4 Price decision1.5 International marketing1.6 Distribution agreements1.7 Culture dimensions   2. Considering the current stage of the internationalization of the company, for a market of your choice, develop a foreign market entry strategy.2.1 The choice criteria for the market chosen2.2 The analysis of market entry strategy 2.3   Key marketing mix activities for initial entry to the US marketReferencesRelated Introduction Li Ning Co. Ltd., one of China’s leading sports-apparel makers was founded from a family business by the well-known Olympic gymnastics gold medallist, Li Ning (Meuer and DiVito, 2010). With the reputation of its founder, the extension of its product range, some influential sponsorships and the success of penetrating second- and third- tier cities in the Chinese market, Li Ning has gained the popularity and high brand awareness in China, also a high market share. However, when the international companies began to value and target at the growing Chinese sportswear market, Li Ning gradually faced an intensified competition from international firm like Nike and Adidas in Chinese market, as well as from few local rivals in terms of the price, such as Anta and Peak. Li Ning firm has made some internationalization efforts in recent years like export activities, building its RD centres abroad and other attempts, but it remains overwhelmingly China focused and all the actions aim to es tablish a global brand in Chinese consumers’ eyes. Besides, those internationalization attempts did not bring any considerable revenue. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the challenges which Li Ning may face in the process of establishing its global brands and put forward the feasible international brand strategy and the foreign market entry strategy by referring to some theories of international marketing. The paper proceeds first by discussing some problems associated with Li Ning trying to be a global brand respectively and rational recommendations will be raised during the discussion. Second, the suggestion about the market choice and a foreign market entry strategy will be illustrated in terms of three aspects: the choice criteria for the entry market, the selection of entry mode and some key marketing communication strategies. 1. Examine the problems associated with Li Ning trying to become a global brand. From a marketing perspective, what do you think Li Ning should do to address those challenges? Facing the fierce competition from international and local rivals, the company reaches an agreement to build its international strategy and its global brand apart from protecting the domestic market. However, Li Ning has to take some potential problems into account in the process of internationalization and seven related considerations will be illustrated in this part. 1.1 The competition with local and international rivals in domestic market It can be seen that some well-known international brand such as Nike and Adidas possess relatively high market revenue in Chinese sportswear industry, as well as Li Ning and Anta, two top domestic brands (appendix 1). As far as Li Ning concerned, how to block international brands and also successfully retain the local market is one of the key points to become a global brand. Looking at the entire Chinese market, Li Ning positions itself as a competitive rival in providing price-quality bargains product and penetrates different levels of Chinese markets through its extensive network of distributors, sub-distributors and retail stores, especially in second- and third-tier cities where about 76% of Li Ning’s stores are located (Meuer and DiVito, 2010). However, temporarily leading position may be weakened when global brands gradually shift their focus to less developed regions in China where incomes are rising and consumers’ brand loyalties and shopping preferences have no t been established (Burkitt, 2010). With regard to global sportswear marketers, Nike and Adidas have both aimed at China as their second largest market in the world and put a lot of efforts in first-tier cities of China, like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. They set up their own retail channels like flagship stores or brand centres respectively in Beijing to create strong brand and retail experience (Meuer and DiVito, 2010). With higher brand positioning and name recognition, international brands are more effective in capturing market share in major cities where Li Ning has not paid more attentions. In order to become a global brand, Li Ning realizes that more emphasis should be put on the market of top- tier cities, but the reality is that Li Ning may have to use lower prices to distinguish its brand in this stiff competition with international firms (Burkitt, 2010). Thus, Li Ning needs to rethink its brand positioning both in local and international markets rather than only rely on price-quality bargains and utilize marketing communications to boost its brand awareness which will be discussed in the later paragraph. 1.2 Country of origin (COO) effects and the brand image In the eyes of most Chinese consumers, Li Ning’s brand identity is always associated with its founder, a national sport hero, so it is easier for Chinese consumers to understand and recognize Li Ning’s logo design, ‘flying red flag and initials of its founder’. Taking consumer ethnocentrism into consideration, domestic consumers may have more favourable attitudes to this brand because of the company’s history and culture. ‘Consumer ethnocentrism’ which was introduced by Shimp and Sharma (1987), refers to the consumer prefers domestic goods due to strong nationalistic beliefs and feelings. As the chief executive of Li Ning Co. said, ‘we want people to look at our brand and feel proud that they are part of something- proud of China’s growth’ (Burkitt, 2010). In addition, with the potential growth and importance of younger segments, Li ning has moved its sight towards them However, using consumer ethnocentrism to affect the purchase decision of young urban Chinese may not work, because Javalgi and White (2002, p. 568) summarized that ‘younger, better-educated and high-income consumers seem to be less ethnocentrism to foreign goods and services’, as well as people who are more open to foreign cultures. Besides, country of origin (COO) also has a negative impact on product and brand evaluation among young Chinese consumers. Many Chinese young consumers, especially teenagers, are keen on the American culture and other western cultures, such as freedom, risky spirit and personality, so they are more likely to choose a global brand which originated from western countries. While in the eyes of international consumers, it is hard for them to make any resonance with Li Ning without related cultural background, and they may perceive its logo as being similar or a copy of Nike swoosh. Similarly, think of the effect of COO, international consumers will use COO cues when they meet the unfamiliar brand and the bias against products generally from developing countries, so some country-image stereotypes, such as low price or low quality may hurt Li Ning’s brand image. Thus, in order to weaken the negative COO perception, Li Ning should alter the consumer attitude towards the product and brand through marketing communication and give its brand a unique identity. Thinking of Nike and Adidas, they both have their unique global identities which are created and preserved by variety communications such as advertising, celebrity endorsement and marketing campaigns. Therefore, there is still a big gap between Li Ning and global brands in terms of brand awareness and brand image. In order to attract the younger generation worldwide, Li Ning need to find out and build its unique brand image through redesign a more differentiated brand logo and slogan, strengthen the product range and design, and also create more targeted marketing campaigns. 1.3 The product portfolio and RD Sportswear can be divided into the following categories: professional sportswear, casual sportswear and fashion sportswear (Euromonitor International, 2007) and there are some overlaps among these groups. Based on the statistic from Euromonitor International (appendix2), it is shown that fashion sportswear, which is the hybrid of casual sportswear and fashion wear, is growing more rapidly than other sportswear segments in China market, so the company which can rapidly discover this potential demand and launch the new products will differentiate itself from rivals. Nike and Adidas have experienced substantial growth after they introduced fashion sportswear series, and yet, in this segment Li Ning has left behind other global brands’ steps. Besides, the global sneaker company has also developed new technologies which would be introduced into high end product to differentiate its brand because international consumers believe that global brands usually develop new products and tec hnologies faster than rivals (Holt et al., 2004), such as the Nike Air max 360 (features a foamless mid-sole technology), the Adidas 1 (includes a microprocessor technology)(scribd.com/doc/39006282/Athletic-Footwear-Industry-Analysis accessed 22 April 2011). In short, there is still a long way to go for Li Ning to catch up with those global brands in new product development and the range of product line, especially in new technologies and high end products. Now Li Ning, which established two RD centres abroad, has recognized product research and development as one of important steps to its internationalization strategy. Making full use of that can help Li Ning develop high-end products which can stimulate its starting point for brand positioning, better satisfy customers’ needs for fashion or performance and also upgrade the brand image. It is also recommended that Li Ning could also try to get access to some professional and well-known designers who have rich experience of customers’ preferences and global fashion trends to design its product. 1.4 Price decision On the basis of pricing strategy prototypes (Solberg et al., 2006), Li Ning falls into the global price follower position. Its price decision can be summarized as follows: first, under the same quality but it is much cheaper than international competitors, meanwhile it provides higher quality, but more expensive than local rivals. Second, Li Ning has to lower down the price in domestic market when larger and more experienced global brands have put pressure on it. Third, Li Ning has limited preparedness for its international attempts and set the price slightly cheaper than Nike and Adidas on its direct access to the foreign market (Meuer and DiVito, 2010). Holt et al. (2004) mentioned that international people think it is rationale for global brand to charge premium price if offering more quality and guarantees than others, three opportunity for Li Ning to reduce the pressure from globally branded counterparts and set a better price to increase its profitability are to identify the ni che market or a new segment or to develop a new technology which is difficult for its rivals to imitate (Solberg et al., 2006). 1.5 International marketing As the increasing level of income and the improving quality of life, the purchase decision among Chinese people less depend on price and functionality, but more on brand image, product design and style (Euromonitor International, 2007). Similarly, the main competition for market share among global brand lies in non-price competitions and the brand loyalty is quite high in this industry, In retrospect to the success of two dominators brands in the sporting goods industry, Nike and Adidas, they have some things in common for their international marketing communication strategy: using extensive marketing campaigns, creative advertising and celebrity endorsements to establish a differentiated brand image (scribd.com/doc/39006282/Athletic-Footwear-Industry-Analysis accessed 22 April 2011). In addition, due to their leading roles in the global market, they have a financial advantage on marketing and advertising expenditures, also on access to endorsement. Even though Li Ning’s canno t compete with them for these marketing resources, it has also sponsored different international sport events and teams, as well as some world well-known sports stars (Meuer and DiVito, 2010). However, those efforts aimed to increase its brand awareness among Chinese consumers rather than international consumers. Facing those difficulties of establishing popularity with brand-conscious consumers, two feasible strategies may help Li Ning create more targeted advertising and marketing campaigns. First, with the growing fashion trend in sportswear, the celebrity in other areas, such as music or film could also produce the similar influence as sports celebrity on younger targets, so using music celebrity endorsement may rejuvenate the brand image and enlarge the potential buying groups which not only includes the sports fans. Second, Li Ning can sponsor some competition like basketball, soccer or running at region level to fit targets’ particular needs. After all, the quality and suitability to the wearer are more convincing than other factors. 1.6 Distribution agreements The management of existing domestic channel distributors and the access to distribution opportunities in global markets constitute another barrier for Li Ning’s internationalization attempts. In terms of the domestic market, Li Ning has took the leading role of establishing a national franchised distribution system in 1993 (http://brand.icxo.com/htmlnews/2008/08/13/1304126_0.htm accessed 26 April 2011) and this entry mode helps its open average 840 stores per year mainly focus on second- and third- tier cities from 2004 to 2008 (Meuer and DiVito, 2010). Second, Li Ning also has its wholly ownership retail stores- 11 flagship stores located in major first- tier cities, but they are only accounts for 7.8% of Li Ning’ total revenues, others generated from sales to franchised distributors ibid. Third, with the rise of e-commerce, Li Ning cooperated with two big online trade platforms, ‘taobao and tanyou’ to launch the online sportswear store in 2008 (http://bra nd.icxo.com/htmlnews/2008/08/13/1304126_0.htm accessed 26 April 2011). This marketing alliance gathers each advantage, and also let Li Ning gain the knowledge about e-channel which has laid a good foundation for setting up its official online store in 2010 and optimizing the new official website ibid. However, the network channel seems be lack of the interaction between customers and products, so the online shop could be better used to disseminate and strengthen its brand image rather than generate revenue. With regard to the global market, the big brand company prefer to select the local distributors with experienced management teams, nationwide distribution abilities and sufficient resources to help them expand its global market rapidly (Frost Sullivan, 2008). Besides, the prominence of a brand among global customers also has an important impact on retailers, so retail stores would be more likely to leave shelf space for the brand which has established a history of good sales (tttp://www.scribd.com/doc/39006282/Athletic-Footwear-Industry-Analysis accessed 22 April 2011). Therefore, the small scale of Li Ning means it has no position to compete with Nike and Adidas in local distributors when entering a new market. Li Ning has to work harder on overcoming the relationships with foreign retailers who may narrow its entry to the foreign market and having its goods seen comparing to its international rivals. Apart from that, franchising and running its own name stores could be considered, both of them can boost company brand presence and are high control of assets, but meanwhile the former one involves complex operation procedure and long time to select and the later relates a high risk and high investment. 1.7 Culture dimensions Hofstede (1994) defined that the category of people which shares the different cultures can be a nation, region , gender culture or age group. Foremost, it is important for Li Ning to assess the cultural differences among regions of China, first-tier cities versus other less developed regions. Consumes in different regions of China have their own distinct characteristics and shopping preferences. Second, ‘power distance’, one of Hofstede’s (1994) national culture differences dimensions, refers to the level of inequality between followers and leaders, should be considered among Chinese young urban consumers who are more fashion demands on sportswear and more brand-consciousness (Frost Sullivan, 2008). In order to display their identity and personal value among their reference groups, they are more likely to spend on global brand. Even one may feel ‘lose face’ if he or she wears with a local brand compared to others who wear the global brand. Thus, if Li Ning not redefines its brand image or just simply pretending to be western, it is unable to compete with those high-ended international brands among Chinese young urban consumers in first-tier cities of China. Additionally, organisation culture management is another factor should not be neglected on Li Ning’s way to be a global brand. The brand culture is derived from the company culture, so the primary task for a strong global brand is to build its unique company culture and transfer the company into a modern management enterprise. Originally, Li Ning grew from a family business which later becomes a big obstacle to the development of the brand. The incoherence between enterprise management mode and its business development urge Li Ning reform the enterprise personnel and recruit professional talents in production, research, marketing and other areas (http://pp.hw01.com/a/1003/10/1210467_2.htm accessed 24 April 2011). Soon afterwards the specialization and standardization of the management help the company experience a rapid growth in business.   2. Considering the current stage of the internationalization of the company, for a market of your choice, develop a foreign market entry strategy. Li Ning makes many efforts step by step and has gained a little experience in exploring the foreign market and during the period of 2008 Beijing Olympic Game, Li Ning has become a brand widely recognized in the west due to the fact that its founder lighted the Olympic flame wearing Li Ning’s shoes magically (English website). Besides, at the end of June, 2011, Li Ning launched its new logo and English slogan to refresh its global brand image. All those efforts make clear that Li Ning has fully prepared to expand to the foreign market and it is worth learning that all possible entry strategies must share one element which the essential for the success of internationalization, that is, commitment (Yip et al., 2000). Specifically, many aspects of the firm should be committed to the entry market: organization structure, human recourses, marketing mix strategies and market research ibid. The rest of this essay will respectively focus on the choice of which country to enter and the related entry mode and key marketing mix activities. 2.1 The choice criteria for the market chosen Based on Whitelock’s (2002) summary of international market entry method, a comprehensive market entry decision cannot disassociate different approaches from one to another, so the choice criteria for the US market relies on the combination of experience-related, resource-related and competition-related considerations (Madhok, 1996). Experience-related considerations drawn from the Uppsala model will be assessed firstly. This model put an emphasis on a firm’s previous experience and the capabilities acquired from that (Madhok, 1996), also considers the concept of ‘psychic distance’ which refers to firms are suggested to entering the market which is psychically close and they have certain knowledge basis to reduce the uncertainties and risks in the process of internationalization (Whitelock, 2002). According to Hofstede’s (1994) summary of five dimensions of national culture differences, China and the Unite State have a big difference in cultural background, and the extended psychic distance seems more problematic for Li Ning in terms of understanding the American culture and being lack of local customers’ preferences and behaviours. However, if Li Ning enters into some cultural similar market, like some Asian countries, lower brand awareness and risks still exist. Besides, the ne gative effect of a Chinese brand also set a barrier to enter in those psychically close markets. Instead, if Li Ning could have a good performance in the US market, then its status of an international brand will not be questioned; at the same time, some previous efforts made in the US market, such as indirect export activities, the establishment of RD centre and a small retail store, can also bring a lot of feedback and information about the US sportswear industry and the local customers. Second, resources-related considerations mainly focus on the characteristic of the environment and interactive networks in it. From the tables in appendix 3, it is shown that US is the largest globally sportswear market and holds in the top position in the total sportswear expenditure per capita in 2008 (approximately $232.8) which was far more than that in China (approximately $7.4). Moreover, the sportswear expenditure in 2008 represented 0.49% of the US GDP per capita (Chu, 2010). On the other hand, the US sportswear industry seemed to be affected by the global financial crisis and increased by only 0.5% in 2010, but this industry may experience a promising rise after the economic recovery (Frost Sullivan, 2010). As far as the relationship with potential consumers is concerned, the prosperity of a good interaction lies in effective marketing strategies including celebrity endorsement, creative advertising and technological expertise in product design ibid. Similarly, those style- conscious and image-conscious consumers respond will them with more brand-consciousness and stronger brand loyalty. In terms of competition-related considerations, two elements should be addressed: the intensity of competition in the entry market and Li Ning’s strategic brand positioning. Undeniably, the sportswear industry of US market is a relatively mature industry which is dominated by a few large firms, such as Nike and Adidas who have already gained their strong brand image; Nike’s products are considered to be high quality and stylish, while superior performance and professional are associated with Adidas (copy). Additionally, there are some relatively high entries barriers set by them, such as higher brand awareness, unique brand image, and established agreements with big named athletes, celebrities and retailers. They even launch the product for every sector of the market in terms of price and intended purpose (for performance, lifestyle or fashion) ibid. However, some smaller firms which specialize in particular purpose of shoes can also successfully capture particular segm ent in the US market, such as K-Swiss in tennis, Vans in skate and lifestyle shoe ibid. In summary, there are three reasons to support Li Ning enter into the US market: First, previous efforts made and the network built in that market. Second, the big US sportswear market size and the potential market opportunity seem very attractive for Li Ning’s foreign expansion. Third, the success cases of sportswear firms who target at the niche market or design for a particular activity in such a competitive environment also contribute to Li Ning’s entry strategy. 2.2 The analysis of market entry strategy After deciding which market to enter, the firm should concentrate on how to go there, that is the selection of entry mode. Yip et al. (2000, p.15) stated that various entry modes-export strategies, licensing, franchising, joint ventures and others â€Å"differ in the degree of control the firm exerts on foreign operations.† Several recommendations on that will be given then. First, Li Ning has adopted a few entry modes to test the US market previously, including indirectly exporting its products to the American market at the beginning of the 1990s, building a small RD centres in Portland in 2008 and more recently establishing its first US retail stores in Portland (case) and the purpose of doing that is to acquire some local resources and experience to better understanding the US market. Because of the fierce competition in the US sportswear industry, great control on channels, high brand presence and local expertise should be Li Ning’s priority to select the entry mode, so the suitable entry strategy could be the combination of direct export through both company owned overseas facilities and some local well-known retailers, such as Footlocker, Finish Line, and franchising. Meanwhile, those entry modes involve relatively moderate control and investment in marketing channel activities by the parent firm (Goodnow and Hansz, 1972), as well as certain risks. Besides, the United States market which shows a greater equality among society level and has a more stable cultural environment could be an advantage to pursue an entry strategy involving greater control and investment in marketing channel activity. Second, the image and positioning of distributors or partners is a very important criterion. Based on Arnold’s (2000) seven rules of international distribution, it is not necessary to look for the best distributor who has already served major customers with similar product line. The choice of partners should regard the distributor with an image or strategy which is in line with the brand image Li Ning wants to maintain. For example, if Li Ning decides to position itself as mid- to high-end sportswear marketer in the US market, it should not choose any discounted retailer or other partners who may lower Li Ning’s brand image and may cooperate with some retailers who specialize in stocking goods with high price point and the newest trends. Third, the e-commerce of the United State is well developed, but online stores are only used by few shoes retailers and sportswear makers, so it is too early to evaluate its effects. However, making full use of the e-commerce can make up Li Ning’s limited access to local distributors and sports celebrities, and this business model is cost-saving and low risky. However, choosing the right entry mode is only the necessary condition due to the possibility of country-specific problems and contingency. In order to enhance the possibility of successfully entering a new market, some cultural dimensions between China and Unite State cannot be neglected. First, according to Hofstede’s (1994) summary of dimensions of national culture differences, China (20) and Unite State (91) lie in the two extreme sides of the individualism dimension which indicate China is a society with collectivist culture and strong relationships among members, families and groups, while the population of the United State are more individualistic and self-reliant attitudes and relatively loose bonds with others ibid. This difference may result in consumers’ various responds to promotion strategies. Word of mouth and reference groups seem more effective among Chinese consumers. Second, similarly, the comparison in power distance dimension also displays a big gap. There is a high level of inequality of power and wealth within the Chinese society that means consumers more prefer to choose the brand which is desired by many people or can represent their social status and high standard of living; however the United States shows a greater equality among society level and has a more stable cultural environment. Thus, an in-depth research about the real reason for US consumers’ brand loyalty needs to be conducted, whether the unique brand image, celebrity effects or the product design. 2.3   Key marketing mix activities for initial entry to the US market The related products and marketing mix activities should meet the common needs of local customers, so before achieving the US market, the firm should identify the US sportswear market segment and decide its product and brand positioning. Li Ning does not have clear targeted segmentation in China and the brand positioning is also very vague, but compared with other rivals in domestic market, Li Ning’ brand tends to focus on mass to mid-end markets both in sports footwear and apparel and the price also set in the middle level (Chu, 2010). Next, some specific suggestions will be given in the following aspects: product portfolio, brand positioning, price decision and the marketing communication strategy. First, sports products can be designed for various sports areas. Li Ning positions itself as the global brand for running and badminton because of the fact that Adidas covered football area and Nike firmly held the basketball area worldwide (case). Linked to the condition in the US market, running footwear has been experiencing the biggest growth and its sales accounts for 25% of total athletic shoe sales (copy). Thus, the running product is suggested to be the focused product category for Li Ning. Then according to the consumer-specific usage with the running product, consumers can be divided into three segments: performance-orientated, causal-orientated and fashion-orientated customers; and this division can also be used in the domestic market. Another point cannot be ignored is the unity of product size system with the target region must be implemented because normally foreign people have larger-size feet. Li Ning has experienced the consequence of this defect by closing its Maast richt store in Netherlands (Meuer and DiVito, 2010). Actually, Li Ning has learned from the former lesson and remodelled the size of its product with the same method which Nike and Adidas have used. Regarding the brand positioning, Li Ning needs a strategic brand positioning to break out the US market. Li Ning has currently developed a big multi-brand family in domestic market including the well-known Li Ning brand, the French top outdoor brand- AIGLE, the international leading brand in badminton and pingpang- Hongshuangxi and a hypermarket brand advocated fast fashion- ZDO. In order to avoid foreign consumers linking the low price to the brand and lower the brand image, it is better to only establish and launch the high-end brand in the US market at first. Thinking of the price decision of the US market, Nike, such a big global brand, also launches low price product to reach all areas of the market (copy), so it is risky to compete with them in the US market by adopting a low price strategy. To be a global price follower is more appropriate for Li Ning to first enter the US market, so Li Ning need to obtain some formal marketing research about market intensity information and the average retail price of the US market from local agencies and rivals’ company reports, then picks up the leading competitor based on the product positioning and set the price which closely follows its rival’s price of similar product. Furthermore, the price decision should always be in line with the brand positioning. As Nagle and Holden (1995) claimed, price can be used as a competitive tool only when the company seeks more advantages by offering a less expensive product but with same values than its competitors. Thus, overall middle to high pri ce brackets should be applied in the US market due to the high brand positioning of Li Ning’s product. Finally, referring to the marketing communication strategy, creative advertising, celebrity endorsement and sponsoring events all play an important role in helping the company build a good brand image and gain the popularity in the US market. On one hand, the design of local advertising is very important. Li Ning can cooperate with some local professional agencies specialize in branding and advertising which may maximize their local resources, knowledge and experience to better deliver the brand message. On the other hand, although the excellent performance on 2008 Beijing Olympic Games has vigorously promoting Li Ning’s brand to the whole world, owing to those global brand’s unbeatable economies of scale and scope as well as financial advantages in their home market, Li Ning has to make use of some specific local collaboration or sponsorship to promote its products, such as the athletics competition at regional or national level, the NBA basketball competition, some lo cal running community. References Arnold, D. (2000), â€Å"Seven Rules of International Distribution†, Harvard Business Review, Vol. (Nov-Dec), pp. 131 – 137. Burkitt, L., â€Å"Li Ning takes on Nike, Adidas†, The Wall Street Journal, Index 18, September 29, 2010. Hofstede, G. (1994), â€Å"The Business of International Business is Culture†, International Business Review, Vol. 3(1), pp. 1-14. Holt, D.B., Quelch, J.A. and Taylor, E.L. (2004) â€Å"How Global Brands Compete†, Harvard Business Review, September, pp. 68 – 75. Javalgi, R.G. and White, D.S. (2002), â€Å"Strategic Challenges for the Marketing of Services Internationally†, International Marketing Review, Vol. 19, pp. 563-582. Meuer, J. and DiVito, L. (2010), â€Å"A Grand Entrance? Li Ning’s Emergence as a Global, Chinese Brand†. RSM Case Development Centre, www.ecch.com Solberg, C.A. (2008), â€Å"Product Complexity and Cultural Distance Effects on Managing International Distributor Relationships: A Contingency Approach†, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 16. (3) Whitelock, Y. (2002), â€Å"Theories of Internationalization and Their Impact on Market Entry†, International Marketing Review, Vol. 19(4), pp. 342-347. Yip, G.S., Biscarri, J.G. and Monti. J.A. (2000), â€Å"The role of the Internationalisation Process in the Performance of Newly Internationalising Firms†, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 8(3), pp. 10-35. Online Sources Chinese No.1 Sportswear Brand- Li Ning’s World [online]. 10 March 2010. Available from http://pp.hw01.com/a/1003/10/1210467_2.htm [accessed on 24 April 2011] Economics of Management and Strategy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, Athletic Footwear- Industry Analysis [online]. 01 May 2006, Available from scribd.com/doc/39006282/Athletic-Footwear-Industry-Analysis [accessed on 22 April 2011] Euromonitor International. Industry Overview [online]. 2007. Available from guococap.com/marketSensor/IPO_Prospectuses/01368/E113.pdf [accessed on 20 April 2011] Frost Sullivan. Industry Overview [online].   26 May 2008. Available from hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/20080526/03813_342257/E112.pdf [accessed on 20 April 2011] Frost Sullivan. Industry Overview [online]. 01 Feb 2010. Available from http://pg.jrj.com.cn/acc/HK_DISC/stock_NT/2010/02/01/00953_000934073_9.pdf [accessed on 20 April 2011] The History and Development of Li Ning’s Brand [online]. 13 August 2008. 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How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included) If you’ve been a receptionist before, you know that this can be a highly demanding position. You’re expected to be sunny, friendly, and able to manage whatever comes your way as you answer phones, greet guests, provide information, manage appointments, etc. You may also be expected to handle any number of tasks throughout the office. It’s a role that requires a lot of finesse and people skills, and great organization to boot. As a potential receptionist, you want your resume to make sure that these qualities shine through. You find receptionists in every industry and just about every company, so let’s look at three sample resumes from receptionists in different industries: one just starting out in a corporate environment, a legal receptionist, and a medical receptionist. first up is candace, who is seeking a receptionist position to boost her administration skills and experience.Download this resume in Microsoft WordCandace Jones 567 Cantwell Avenue, Apt. 4dPittsburgh, PA 74747 candacejones@emaildomain.comSeeking to support Bryant Financial Management as a receptionist with strong communication and organizational skills.Key skillsInterpersonal skills:Professional, friendly demeanor on the phone, via email, and in personDependable and punctualCustomer serviceTaking initiative to accomplish what needs to be doneProblems)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Being an Anthropologist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Being an Anthropologist - Assignment Example For the purpose of this assignment, the selected location was Metro Cash & Carry Italia in Pordenone. In order to keep the research more specific, I spent more time in a particular section of the store where customers were selecting meat, pasta and cheese. A detailed analysis of customers visiting store on Friday afternoon indicated that concepts like race, ethnicity, physical features, kinship, food taboos govern the way different social and cultural groups behave. A critical analysis of the situation studied helped in understanding the definition of culture. According to Hansen, Scheffer, Rathje and Schulz (2009), culture is an element that provides uniformity in a specific social system. While earlier concept of this uniformity was only limited to ethnicity and race, there are other cultural traits that introduce uniformity in a particular demographic segment. Hence, culture is expected to develop coherence in a group of people. While analyzing the location where this observation took place, it was noticed that the departmental store did not reflect a typical architecture of other Italian buildings. Instead, it was customized considering the nature of business and types of customers expected to visit this place as it was humongous and quite capacious allowing hundreds of customers to shop simultaneously. Since it was Friday afternoon, there were not many customers in the store due to which my observations remained limited to fewer customers. The store was at moderate temperature however one could easily identify the smell of cartons used for storage of different items. This smell varied when one moves from one section to another i.e. smell in poultry section was different than that in cheese. Further analysis indicated that most of the buyers were from Italian ancestry with visible relevance to lower and middle social classes. I did observe some Asian and Muslim customers. It was hard to identify if they were from China, Korea, Japan or any other country fro m Asia. However, their attire and age indicated that some of them were teenagers probably students whereas rest were middle age Muslim women covering their heads. An interesting factor was presence of more Italian people in the sections of pasta and cheese. They were easy to recognize due to dark colored hair and olive complexion. It was observed that these customers appeared to have more melanin in their skin as compared to most of the Asian customers. However, few Asian customers who were either from India or Pakistan appeared to be having a darker skin tone as compared to Italian customers. According to Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and McBride, 2012), presence of melanin is affected by several factors such as inheritance, high altitudes and solar radiation exposure. These factors affect the skin tone of people from different ancestry. Such traits help in understanding the concept of race related to different geographical location and their related adaptations. Since communication wa s not performed with these customers therefore my observations were only limited to cultural and biological aspects whereas linguistics was not included. A critical analysis of these customers and their cultural profile helped in understanding that despite having common biological ancestry, they are segregated into different social groups due to their different cultures (Orzech, 2005). Although humans are typical primates, there are various elements that make them more unique to other forms of primates. However, shorter upper limbs, feet used for walking instead of grasping, erected pelvis and spinal cords are some characteristics that makes humans different than non-human primates (Palomer College, 2012). Another

Is Frankenstein Guilty of Crimes Againts Nature Research Paper

Is Frankenstein Guilty of Crimes Againts Nature - Research Paper Example But this proposition of Frankenstein’s crime against nature can be challenged by a simple rhetorical question, â€Å"Does Frankenstein create a real monster?† Textual evidences ultimately show that Doctor Frankenstein has not created a real monster as per the assumption that man cannot grasp the secrets of life and death; rather his ignorance about how to nurture his creature that apparently looks like an evil causes the final havoc he suffers in the end of the novel. By successfully creating a childlike imitative being, in the very first place he proves that the secrets of life and death are obviously knowledgeable by man. Meanwhile he nullifies the supposition that seeking the secrets of life and death is nothing profane. But Frankenstein’s true crime is that he abandons his creature immediately after its birth. Obviously this crime is caused by his ignorance about his responsibility that greater knowledge imposes upon him. Thus Frankenstein commits crime again st nature by refusing to play the motherly role of nurturing the creature; but not by seeking the secrets of life. Mary Shelly’s scheme to humanize the monster essentially refutes the claim that man should not, more accurately cannot, achieve knowledge beyond what nature allows. The horrible look and ferocious appearance of Frankenstein’s creature are not enough to prove his failure to achieve the unknowledgeable. Indeed his success lies in his ability to create a being that can learn; that possesses a mind and the essence of man. Frankenstein commits crime against his creature by abandoning it. Indeed his crime does not seem to be a deliberate one. Rather it evolves from his ignorance about the truth of his creature’s nature. If Frankenstein were responsible enough, instead of being repulsed by the creature’s horrible look he could train him to be socialized. But like

Birth Control Essay Example for Free

Birth Control Essay Birth control is a way or method used to prevent pregnancy. There are different kinds of methods of birth control that can be used by man and woman. All of these methods have positive effects or sides. The pros of birth control are the following: (1) lessen the possibility of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ); (2) it is helpful in preventing pregnancy, but the degree of the effectiveness of the birth control method depends on the type of method that is being used by the couple (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ); (3) allows active participation of men in the prevention of pregnancy (when using condom or withdrawal method) (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ); (4) it helps regulate the menstrual cycle of a woman; (5) it lessens the pain and difficulty of having a menstruation (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ); (6) prevents or lessen the possibility of having uterine and ovarian cancer, anemia, ovarian cyst and pelvic inflammatory disease (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ). There are also some other pros of birth control method but it depends on the method that the couple is using (Birth Control Pill Faq: Benefits, Risks and Choices). There are many types of birth control. The following are the types of birth control that is being used: (a) male condoms which are also called as barrier because it blocks the sperm cells from getting near or into the egg cells; (b) oral contraceptives or birth control pills prevent the ovary from releasing eggs; (c) female condom is also called as a barrier because it prevents or blocks the sperm cells from reaching the egg cells; (d) Depo-Provera hormonal injections is a type of birth control that uses hormone progestin. Continuous injection of this for more than two years has an adverse effect on woman; (e) spermicides; (f) contraceptive sponges is also a barrier type of birth control. Although using this type of birth control would still have a risk of having a toxic syndrome. Woman that are very sensitive to spermicide nonoxynol-9 are not encourage to use this type of method; (g) diaphragm and cervical caps also blocks the sperm cells going inside the cervix. This type of method needs the assistance of the doctor for proper usage and fitting of the cervical cap or diaphragm; (h) intra – uterine devices is used and placed inside the uterus to prevent the sperm cells from entering it and reaching the egg cells; (i) surgical sterilization or tubal ligation is a permanent birth control that needs a surgical process; (j) periodic abstinence or natural family planning. In this type of birth control, the woman should have the knowledge about the fertility process so that this method would be successful (Birth Control Methods ). There are some mild health risks related to the use of birth control methods. But there is also one severe health risk when using birth control method such as pills for a longer period of time like cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, cardiovascular accident or stroke, high blood pressure and other cardio related diseases (Birth Control Methods). Both man and woman are responsible in birth control planning. They have an active participation in the birth control method. Although their physician would prescribe a pill or appropriate birth control method, still the couple would be responsible to the possible outcome of that method. They are the one who can observe to the negative or positive effect of that particular method. When a serious or life threatening situation or death happens, the couple is more reliable than their physician. In choosing birth control method, couples or person that is going to use it must consider if (1) it will affect your health like if they have history of breast cancer, have high blood pressure, has low density of the bone, diabetes, sexually transmitted disease (STD), and heart disease; (2) those possible side effects of the method; (3) frequency of having sexual intercourse; (4) the benefits that the method can give; (5) the quality of that certain drug or method in birth control; and (6) the possible outcome if ever the couple decided to have a child (Birth Control Guide). Shop Lifting Shop lifting is very common especially on malls and convenient stores. People shop lift because they need that particular thing or that they can’t afford to buy the things they wanted to (Teenagers Shop Lifting). Some shop lifters that has the money to buy things thinks that shop lifting gives them the adrenalin rush or thrill that cannot be caught, they think that what they have stolen is not important and they also think that they are not stealing because the owner or the store can afford to buy that again or the store is insured (Teenagers Shop Lifting). In some cases, people shop lifts especially students because of peer pressure. Shop lifters always carry a small bag or large jacket with a large pocket or umbrella (Preventing Shoplifting). Those things can be use to shop lift. Store management or staff should also be aware and alarm when a person puts down their bag because they may place the thing they get simply by dropping it into the bag (Preventing Shoplifting). There are also times that shop lifters are into a group (Preventing Shoplifting). Some of them will distract the attention of the staff while the others do the crime. Shop lifters can be seen mostly in malls that are crowded and convenient stores. The similarities of these two places are that they have a big space and do not have enough staff that would assist and guard the clients or buyers. Those shop lifters know that in places were there’s enough employee to assist and guard them, they won’t be able to the deed because there’s a big chance of getting caught while in malls and convenient store, they can easily place the things they get and hide it in their bags or clothes without being notice by the employees. Shop lifting is a crime that can be categorize as light. In some states, the fine depends on the amount that the shop lifter stolen while the jail time depends on the repetition of the incident (Zukowski). The penalty or fine ranges from 40 to 1000 dollars and the jail time is only 30 days up to 6 months (Zukowski). The society and justice system give the offenders a second chance to correct their action. If they are going to repeat their action, they will be punished again with a higher penalty and possible longer jail time. Compiling an Annotated Bibliography ? â€Å"Birth Control Guide† Ed. US Department of Health and Human Services: FDA Consumer Magazine, 2003. This article focuses on different approved birth control methods. It also provides information about the different types of birth control method and also the severe health risk that may be obtain from the prolonged use of contraceptive pills. ? â€Å"Birth Control Methods†. 2005. Planned Parenthood of Connecticut. June 27 2007. http://www. ppct. org/medical/services/bc_method. shtml. This article talks about different birth control methods. It also provides knowledge about pros and cons of different types of birth control method especially tubal sterilization. ? â€Å"Birth Control Methods† Ed. Us Department of Health and Human Services: National Women’s Health Information Center, 2005. This article provides birth control methods that can be use. It also provides knowledge on what they should take into consider when choosing a birth control method. ? â€Å"Teenage Shop Lifting†. 2006. Indian child. com June 26 2007. http://www. indianchild. com/parenting/teenagers/teenagers_shop_lifting. htm. The article provides the reasons why teenagers try to steal and ways to handle and persuade them. ? â€Å"Birth Control†. 2007. Cool Nurse. June 25 2007. http://www. coolnurse. com/birthcontrol. htm. The article tackles about having safe sex with the use of birth control methods. This provides idea or knowledge about the effectives of each method and the reasons why it is not recommended for teenagers. ? Preventing Shoplifting. Namibian Police 2007. The Namibian Police Force carries out their duty by informing the public of the different crimes and ways how to handle that situation. They encourage the public to have an active participation in fighting the crime to maintain the peace and order in their place. ? Birth Control Pill Faq: Benefits, Risks and Choices. 2007. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. June 25 2007. http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/birth-control-pill/WO00098. The staff focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of taking contraceptive pills. The staff also discusses other contributing factors that make birth control pills unsafe to use than any other birth control methods.

The Handmaid’s Tale Essay -- Literature

Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, like so many other dystopias before it, seeks to warn of disaster to come through the lens of its author’s society. In the breadth of its dystopian brethren, Huxley’s Brave New World and Orwell’s 1984, The Handmaid’s Tale reflects not a society destroyed, but a society reorganized to disastrous effect. The reorganization of Offred’s world is not one of simple misogyny, corruption, or political ideas, instead, as in 1984; the focus of this new world order lies in the destruction of the individual and with that, all concepts of personal gain, satisfaction, and desire. In its place, the new world order thrusts a quasi-communist idea of community. Personal sacrifice is instilled in the populace as the greatest good, and the death or misery of one individual is negligible when compared to the decided ‘good’ of the community. In a true echo of communism, the handmaids bear children fo r those who cannot, truly in the stead of â€Å"from each according to their ability, to each according to their need† (Marx). In this Americanized distortion of communism, the community is placed on a pedestal above all else, and through this emphasis the cross-class destruction of individuality is assured. By echoing the most prominent issue of the time, communism, and detailing it with unique aspects of American society, Atwood creates a realistic nightmare that warns not of the dangers of a particular political ideology, but of the loss of individual identity and the concept of self. The first people to have their individuality stripped away are, perhaps surprisingly, not the women of Offred’s world, but the low ranking men. This destruction of masculine individuality begins long before the events of the book... ...as A Handmaid’s Tale’s most potent warning. With Gilead, the dangers of deifying society at the cost of its people are shown to be damning, dooming the society to eventual collapse and obscurity. In this, Atwood argues against excessive ideas community and for individualism and a reasonable amount of selfishness, as Ayn rand puts it, â€Å"man’s right to exist for his own rational self-interest† (Rand 42). By creating a world of such individual belittlement, Atwood provides a powerful example of the dangers something much like communism, the destruction of the self. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret Eleanor. The Handmaid's Tale. New York: Ballantine, 1985. Print. Marx, Karl Heinrich. Critique of the Gotha Program. Moscow: Progress, 1970. N. pag. Print. Rand, Ayn. The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Signet, 1970. WorldCat. Web. 7 Feb. 2012.

Persuasive speech outline Essay

Believe it or not, according to choices.com, about 3,000,000 teens drop out of high school each year. That’s approximately 7,000 a day. This is not only hurting their success and the amount of money they can earn, but also the economy of the entire United States. Although some people might think every teen should be able to make the decision to drop out or stay in high school themselves, but teens need to realize the consequences that come with dropping out. When you’re is a young teen you may not be thinking about how your decisions can affect your future, without a high school education you cannot attend college, this will make it harder for you to find a high paying job, let alone a job at all. II. Need Step A. When a person is a young adolescent, they’re thinking about now, not the future, and they may regret the decision to drop out later. ââ€" Most of the teenagers that end up dropping out of high school are thinking about how much they don’t want to be at school or how they cannot handle the workload. ââ€" Sometimes teens have actual trouble in school and going to regular high school isn’t the best option, but they still need to get an education somehow, even if its online classes. In other cases, teens just don’t want to go to high school, and that’s their reasoning for dropping out. They aren’t thinking about their future. ââ€" According to State Representative Martha Waltz of Boston, few, if any, 16 year olds have the wisdom and knowledge to understand the lifelong consequences of ending their high school education at 16

Renewable energy sources

Traditionally, wood is the main form in which biomass is used as an energy source. The biomass is used to boil water to provide steam to turn turbines. In Great Britain most commercially produced wood is used for timber, but when a conifer plantation is felled, there are branches and low-grade timber that can be used for fuel. Straw left over from harvesting cereal crops can also be used to produce energy. When used for energy the cost of collecting, storage and transporting bulky problems is a problem. Most examples rely on a community-based collection used locally in a close plant or used on the farm that produced the straw and is widely used in Denmark and the USA. Stubble used to be burnt, but this was made illegal in the UK. Most stubble is used for bedding. When burnt straw leaves ash, which contains nutrients, which can quickly be extracted from the soil by the new crop. This method is still used in many developing countries. It is very rarely ploughed in as it takes along time to biodegrade and as it does so it creates anaerobic pockets in the soil. Wood can be exploited as a renewable resource if fast growing species are used. In the UK willow is used (popular was also used once). The plants are grown close together then once a sufficient root system is established they are coppiced. Then all new growths when of the correct length are harvested and chipped. Once the willow is dried and then used. This is often used on low quality land (marginal) or set aside, or areas where biological control is being encouraged. Biomass to Gasohol Fermentation of sugar by yeasts converts the energy in sugar biomass to ethanol, which can then be used as a fuel. Gasohol is made of 80-90% unleaded petrol and 10-20% ethanol and is used in cars (It can be used in pure form, but petrol is added to stop people drinking it). The sugar is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beet. This form has been relatively unsuccessful. Sugar cane is grown in tropical areas, where as sugar beat is grown in temperate countries. The sugary sap is extracted and then treated to make molasses, which is then stored until it is needed for fermenting. Ethanol is a much cleaner fuel and produces much less pollution, but it is much more expensive to produce. Especially as the farmers can also sell the crop to be made into refined sugar. This production is unlikely ever to work due to politics and the oil industry. In the end it can not be considered as a real alternative ,as 80-90% of it is made from a fossil fuel. Once the sugar is extracted the fibrous residue (bagasse) is dried and then burnt as a fuel to ferment the malasses. 1) Growing and cropping of sugar. 2) Extraction of sugars by crushing and washing cane. 3) Crystallization out of sucrose (for sale) leaving the syrup of glucose and fructose (molases) 4) Fermentation of molasses to yield dilute alcohol. 5) Distillation of dilute alcohol to give pure ethanol, using bagasse as a power source. A more promising is oilseed rape which has been used to power buses in certain areas of the UK as part of a trial and in Italy, it is added to diesel and can be added to make up 30% of the mixture (rpae methyl ester, RME). It produces fewer sooty particles and no sulphur dioxide. Also coconut oil in Philippines, palm and castor oil, Brazil and sunflower oil in South Africa. Domestic waste Disposal of domestic and industrial waste has become a large problem around the world. In the UK about 300kg of waste is produced per person per year. Dumping the waste causes many problems e.g. leakage of pollution and using up land. It might be possible to burn the fuel for energy (cellchip in the UK in London does this but people have to separate some of the waste first. However, all the houses that take part close to the plant reciev free hot water.) Some landfill sites have been constructed to collect the gas (methane) produced from the anaerobic conditions for use. Agricultural waste (Biogas) Biogas can convert the energy in biomass into biogas, a gaseous fuel that consists mainly of methane, by fermentation. Typically biogas is made of: 65% methane, 35% CO2, with tracea of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and water vapour. usually dung (slurry) from farm animals is used in the fermentation process so that waste products are turned into something useful, as the leftover sludge can be used as a fertiliser. The digestion process occurs in 3 stages: 1) Aerobic bacteria convert lipids and carbohydrates in the biomass into sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and glycerol by hydrolysis (0-10 days, acids cause pH to fall). 2) Acetogenic bacteria convert sugars and other products of stage 1 into short-chain fatty acids e.g. acetic acid = acetogenesis (stages 2+3, 10-45 days acids used up, pH increases, methane produced.). 3) Anaerobic bacteria convert the fatty acids into methane = methogenesis. Conditions must be anaerobic as the bacteria are only active when there is no oxygen present. They are called obligate anaerobes. Temperatures must be kept between 30-40o because the bacteria are sensitive to temperature changes. The reactions take place in a digester. It must be i) Strong and large enough to hold large volumes of liquid and withstand pressure build up. ii) Gas-tight and allow aerobic conditions to be maintained. iii) Have an inlet for loading material, an outlet for the gas and a way of unloading the residue. iv) be buried in the ground to help withstand pressure and act as an insulator. Often several digesters are used together to maintain a continuous supply of gas. It provides a useful way of getting rid of animal waste. (eutrophication)